Pengaruh ekstrak etanol buah merah terhadap ekspresi VCAM-1, kadar IL-10, dan kelangsungan hidup mencit Swiss yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA
The effect of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) ethanol extract on VCAM-1 expression, IL-10 levels, and survival of Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Keywords:
Buah Merah, Plasmodium berghei, VCAM-1, IL-10, cerebral malariaAbstract
Malaria berat, termasuk cerebral malaria, masih menjadi penyebab kematian utama di Papua yang menyumbang 89% kasus malaria nasional pada tahun 2022. Ekspresi Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) pada endotel mikrovaskular dan kadar sitokin antiinflamasi IL-10 merupakan dua parameter imunologis yang relevan dalam patogenesis malaria berat. Buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.), tanaman endemik Papua dengan kandungan antioksidan tinggi, dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas imunomodulator pada model infeksi malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol buah merah (EBM) terhadap ekspresi VCAM-1, kadar IL-10, dan kemampuan bertahan hidup mencit Swiss yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA, dengan membandingkan efek pemberian EBM sebelum dan setelah infeksi. Penelitian ini merupakan controlled laboratory experiment dengan rancangan post-test only control group design secara in vivo, menggunakan 60 ekor mencit jantan galur Swiss yang dialokasikan secara acak ke dalam empat kelompok: K1 (EBM sebelum infeksi), K2 (EBM setelah infeksi), K3 (kontrol negatif), dan K4 (klorokuin + EBM). Ekspresi VCAM-1 diukur menggunakan imunohistokimia dan kadar IL-10 menggunakan Sandwich ELISA pada D3, D6, dan D9 pascainfeksi; analisis statistik menggunakan ANOVA satu arah dan uji Tukey HSD. K2 menunjukkan nilai OD VCAM-1 lebih rendah dari K3 pada D3 dan D6 (p < 0,05), kadar IL-10 yang lebih tinggi secara bermakna sejak D3 (p = 0,0005), serta kematian paling lambat dan paling sedikit. K1 menunjukkan ekspresi VCAM-1 tertinggi dan kematian paling awal. Pemberian EBM setelah infeksi berkaitan dengan profil imunologis yang lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan pemberian sebelum infeksi pada model ini.
Severe malaria, including cerebral malaria, remains a leading cause of death in Papua, which accounted for 89% of national malaria cases in 2022. Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression on microvascular endothelium and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 are two immunological parameters relevant to severe malaria pathogenesis. Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.), a plant endemic to Papua with high antioxidant content, has been reported to exhibit immunomodulatory activity in malaria infection models. This study aimed to determine the effect of red fruit ethanol extract (EBM) on VCAM-1 expression, IL-10 levels, and survival of Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, comparing the effects of pre- versus post-infection administration. A controlled laboratory experiment with a post-test only control group design was conducted in vivo using 60 male Swiss mice randomly allocated into four groups: K1 (EBM before infection), K2 (EBM after infection), K3 (negative control), and K4 (chloroquine + EBM). VCAM-1 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and IL-10 levels by Sandwich ELISA on days 3, 6, and 9 post-infection; statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. K2 showed lower VCAM-1 OD values than K3 on days 3 and 6 (p < 0.05), significantly higher IL-10 levels from day 3 (p = 0.0005), and the latest and fewest deaths. K1 showed the highest VCAM-1 expression and earliest mortality. Post-infection EBM administration was associated with a more favorable immunological profile compared to pre-infection administration in this model.
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